Genetic Recombination and Crossing Over

The Pain Scale By Eula Biss - 1348 Words

What is the point in measuring something that is unique to every individual? In â€Å"The Pain Scale,† the author, Eula Biss, attempts to convey her pain to the reader. She tells the reader how she has tried to describe and measure her pain. There is a system set up for doing so, but it leaves much up to individual interpretation. The arbitrary process by which we are supposed to evaluate the level of pain we are experiencing doesn’t seem to accomplish much. Throughout the essay, Biss uses unique ways of comparing the suggested levels of pain to other â€Å"scales.† This raises the question, why can the scale, itself, doesn’t do adequate job of helping people understand pain. The Beaufort scale was developed by in 1805 by Sir Francis†¦show more content†¦In the century spanning Defoe and Beaufort’s scales, many others adapted and added measures that helped establish Beaufort’s definitive measure of winds. Temperature scales are also used in an attempt to make the concept of measuring pain more relatable. Across the world, temperature is measured in degrees Celsius. At zero, water freezes and, at one hundred, water boils. Despite Celsius being the global standard, the Fahrenheit scale was developed decades earlier. Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit based his temperature scale on two marks: on the lower end, the point where a mixture of salt and water would cease to exist as a liquid, and, on the upper end, a measure of normal body temperature. In an effort to add more confusion to the two standards, Lord Kelvin introduced the idea of an â€Å"absolute zero.† Absolute zero is the point where molecules and atoms are supposed to be essentially motionless. Despite this, research has showed that the motion doesn’t really stop. As Biss says, â€Å"†¦absolute is not absolute.† She finds that comforting, but not quite enough. Throughout Biss’ essay, she also attempts to equate the pain scale to something that seems much more insidious. To many, the thought of Dante Alighieri’s Divine Comedy brings about a reminder of the pain many suffered having to analyze the text in high school. Biss sees anShow MoreRelatedArts of the Contact Zone by Mary Louise Pratt999 Words   |  4 Pagesmain idea of an essay. â€Å"The Pain Scale†, written by Eula Biss, can be considered an example of an autoethnography that emerged out of a contact zone. In her essay, Biss discusses the pain scale used in hospitals today that rate pain on a level from zero to ten. Throughout her essay she argues that the pain scale is not a good method of measuring pain. Her rejection of the widely accepted system sets up a contact zone between two communities, those who accept the scale and those who don’t accept itRead MoreThe Experience of Pain1484 Words   |  6 PagesThere is a common tie that connects people around the world: the experience of pain. While many people experience pain differently, and experience pain relative to their own levels of tolerance, pain is a universal sensation, and, at times, a shared experience. While individual physical pain is isolated to one’s own body, empathy for the physical pain of others and the resulting emotional pain can be shared. Being empathetic and co nsiderate towards others not only brings people together, but alsoRead MoreThe Hippocratic Oath Of Hippocrates1774 Words   |  8 Pages which were symptoms and some elementary tests of patients such as blood testing. Nowadays, it is quite scary to imagine how doctors were managing to investigate conditions of their patients based on words and descriptions of something so vague as pain. Those detectives of human suffer were bounded by a common ideology and an oath. Although the Oath of Hippocrates has been criticized for some ideas such as its restriction of abortion, the medical society still considers the writing of a Greek thinker

Annual Vendor Management in Clinical Trials

Question: Describe about the Annual Vendor Management in Clinical Trials? Answer: Introduction: Clinical trial is a research which requires group of people to examine the safety, tolerance, dose and action of a drug. Clinical trial obeys a pre- planned protocol. Clinical trial is also known as clinical research. Their actions or tissues are needed for the study of clinical research. So, full method is very critical to handle. A set of people or a specific person is required in clinical research. The life process management of vendor for standard procedure is very important in clinical research organization. The vendors are chosen by the pharmaceutical company based on certain criteria. Those criteria can be the proposal of the vendor, evaluation of the proposals, searching a perfect vendor, creating a contract negotiation strategy and analyzing the business requirement. Clinical trial is demanded for the development of new drug in the market. The vendor selection for clinical research is very important. The clinical research takes 10- 20 years to yield a new drug (Diahome.org, 2015). The safety and efficacy of investigational drug is very important. The vendor plays a chief role in the clinical research management. The pharmaceutical company is conducting the whole clinical research plan. And they should select a proper vendor for a specific reason (Clinicaltrialsummit.com, 2015). The protocol, agenda, standard and quality of the vendor should be up to the mark so that the clinical research plan will be executed properly. The criteria of the clinical research should meet the agenda of the vendor. It is important to select a proper vendor for a clinical research to continue the process and the outsource materials. A supporting vendor is needed for the clinical trial. The supporting vendor is called third party vendor. The commitment responsibilities with the vendor should meet throughout the process. So the vendor selection is very important to keep the quality and standard of the outsourcing product (Xtalks.com, 2015). Many companies are using third party vendor for their safety. The services of the clinical research organization, health care technology firms, data management and medical education vendors are recruited by the companies (SOP 02: Evaluation and Selection of a Clinical Trial Proposal for CESAR, 2003). There are some factors to choose a vendor for a clinical trial. The factors that need to be considered for vendor selection are efficacy, security, compliance, contract fulfillment and quality of the vendor. To get a proper result in time a vendor has so many duties. The policies and contracts should meet the criteria which have made primarily (Peace and Chen, 2011). If a vendor is not efficient enough to meet all the criteria at that time, a third party vendor is needed. The vendor activity is regulated for getting more prominent product by the clinical trial. The judgment should evaluate the inclusive performance of a third party vendor by firmly investigating their attachment to constitutional responsibilities and the potential of their procedure and controls (Progress in clinical trial, 2004). The third party vendor assessments are review of contract terms against work performed, program management, testing of selected documentation, on site audits of vendors, investigator eligibility and payments, compliance with the policies, procedures and practices of the company, compliance with the regulatory guidelines, accuracy of billing and invoices. All the materials used in the clinical trial are supplied by the vendors. So it is very important to choose a proper vendor for outsourcing. The vendor should choose according to the business needs. A suitable vendor selection is very important for a clinical trial management to get a proper result. There are some benefits for outsourcing models. And the benefits are previous relationship, preselected plan, understands our needs and efficiency. There are also some risks for outsourcing models. The risks are stuck in a poor relationship, not getting the best technology or the newest, higher price due to the lack of competitive tender. First the resource requirements are determined. After that outsourcing requirements are determined. After determining the ongoing vendor research is started. The vendor is contracted initially. After the agreement the request for proposal documents are prepared. The request for proposal document is sent to vendors. The document is evaluated by vendors. The contract reward is made and monitoring the contract. Conclusion: The vendor selection for clinical research is very important. Clinical trial is increasing in difficulty. Vendor is agency or person that markets services or goods to other company or someone in economical manufacture chain. In clinical trial vendor acts an important role. The vendor is chosen by the pharmaceutical company based on some criteria. Vendor qualification, contracts and selection are major thing for a clinical trial. The agenda of the vendor is fulfilled by the company so that they can contract with the company. References: Clinicaltrialsummit.com, (2015).CHI's Fourth Annual Vendor Management in Clinical Trials Conference - part of Clinical Trial Oversight Summit. [online] Available at: https://www.clinicaltrialsummit.com/Vendor-Management-Clinical-Trials/ [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. Diahome.org, (2015).CRO - Clinical Vendor Oversight: Vendor Life Cycle Management for Quality and Performance. [online] Available at: https://www.diahome.org/en/Meetings-and-Training/Find-Meetings-and-Training/Meeting-Details.aspx?ProductID=2124278EventType=In-Company%20Training [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. Oversight Summit. [online] Available at: https://www.clinicaltrialsummit.com/Vendor-Management-Clinical-Trials/ [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. Peace, K. and Chen, D. (2011).Clinical trial methodology. Boca Raton: Chapman and Hall/CRC Press. Progress in clinical trial. (2004).Clin Cardiol, 27(6), pp.364-368. SOP 02: Evaluation and Selection of a Clinical Trial Proposal for CESAR. (2003).Onkologie, 26(Suppl. 6), pp.5-10. Xtalks.com,. (2015).Managing Vendors: Tips and Tricks for Pharma-Biotech Companies-Get What You Need While Cutting Costs. Retrieved 11 March 2015, from https://xtalks.com/xto426swiftwater.ashx